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Jason Van Steenwyk
Jason Van Steenwyk

Jun 5, 2026

How the Fed's Cuts Stopped Short

Long-term borrowing costs climbed anyway.

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Friday, June 05, 2026

How the Fed's Cuts Stopped Short

Long-term borrowing costs climbed anyway.

The Chicago Fed's National Financial Conditions Index reads −0.52. Negative means easy money. That reading has barely moved in months.

But the 30-year Treasury yield hit 5.2% in late May. That is the highest since 2007. The bond market is pricing in tight conditions the index does not show.

Both numbers cannot be right. One of them is hiding something.

The Big Idea

The NFCI is built from 105 measures in three subindexes. One carries nearly the entire "loose" reading. The other two have drifted toward zero. The subindex that warns earliest is the one tightening fastest. The Fed's rate cuts never reached long-term borrowing costs.

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Inside the Number

The Chicago Fed builds the NFCI from three subindexes: risk, credit, and leverage. Risk tracks volatility and funding pressure. Credit measures borrowing conditions. Leverage tracks debt and equity levels across the economy.

The contributions from all three add up to the headline. When one subindex moves sharply negative, it pulls the whole reading down. Even if the other two sit near zero. That is the situation today. The risk subindex is doing the heavy lifting. Credit and leverage contribute almost nothing.

Think of a three-engine plane. One engine is running hard. The other two are barely turning. The instruments say you have enough thrust. But two-thirds of your power is gone.

Observation: The NFCI headline reads −0.52. The reading depends almost entirely on the risk subindex. Credit and leverage sit near zero.
Interpretation: One component masks the fact that two-thirds of the index have stopped easing.

The Component That Warns First

Not all three subindexes carry equal weight as signals. They move at different speeds. Leverage is a leading indicator of financial stress. Risk is coincident. It tracks what is happening now. Credit lags behind both.

The leverage subindex rose from −0.86 in late 2023 to −0.4 in May 2026. Still negative. Still technically loose. But the direction matters more than the level. It has been tightening steadily for over two years.

The sequence works like this. Tighter leverage pushes up what borrowers pay for risk. Asset values fall. Household and corporate net worth shrinks. Credit tightens next. Then economic activity slows. The subindex built to warn first is drifting toward zero. The headline does not reflect it.

Observation: The leverage subindex moved from −0.86 to −0.4 over two and a half years. That is a steady tightening in the leading component.
Interpretation: The component built to warn the earliest is the one tightening fastest.

The Broken Pipe

The Fed cut rates by 75 basis points in late 2025. The funds rate fell to 3.5% to 3.75%. Those cuts were supposed to loosen borrowing costs everywhere. They stopped at short-term rates. They did not reach mortgages, corporate bonds, or long-term Treasuries.

The 30-year Treasury yield rose to 5.2% in late May. That is the highest level since 2007. The Fed has held steady since December 2025. Markets price in zero additional cuts for 2026.

This is not the first time the pipe has clogged. During the 2024 rate cuts, mortgages rose from 6.12% in September to 7.09% by December. The Fed was easing. The market was tightening. Same pattern, different year.

Barclays research head Ajay Rajadhyaksha named four forces behind the bond selloff. Fiscal deterioration. Defense spending. Sticky inflation. Central bank paralysis. That last term means the Fed wants to cut further but cannot while inflation stays above target. Each force persists. Deficits are ongoing. Defense budgets are committed.

High-yield credit spreads are the gap between junk bond yields and Treasuries. That gap widened roughly 50 basis points over February and March 2026. The bond market is tightening on its own terms. It does not wait for the Fed.

Observation: The Fed cut 75 bps in late 2025. The 30-year yield surged to 5.2%. High-yield spreads widened 50 bps in early 2026.
Interpretation: The transmission between Fed rate cuts and long-term borrowing costs is blocked. The bond market is tightening independently of what the Fed sets at the short end.

Quick Hits

  • The NFCI reads −0.52 in May 2026, loose on the surface.

  • The risk subindex carries most of that reading, while credit and leverage sit near zero.

  • The leverage subindex, the leading indicator among the three, tightened from −0.86 to −0.4 since late 2023.

  • The Fed cut 75 basis points in late 2025, bringing the funds rate to 3.5% to 3.75%.

  • The 30-year Treasury yield hit 5.2% in late May 2026, its highest since 2007.

  • High-yield spreads widened roughly 50 basis points over February and March 2026.

  • During the 2024 rate cuts, mortgages rose from 6.12% to 7.09%.

What the Leverage Subindex Is Telling Us

The NFCI has masked deterioration before. In the late 1990s and again in 2014 and 2015, the headline stayed negative. Conditions underneath were already turning. A strong stock market held the number below zero. The system was getting tighter anyway.

The same structure is in place today. The headline says loose. One subindex drives the reading. The one built to warn early is moving in the other direction.

The number to watch is not −0.52. It is −0.4. Watch which direction it moves. If the leverage subindex turns positive, the headline will still read negative for weeks. That is the gap between what the index reports and what the system is doing.

The Map So Far

The headline financial conditions index says loose. The leverage subindex and the bond market say the system is tightening underneath. The number worth tracking is −0.4, and the direction it moves next.

Until next time,
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