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Jason Van Steenwyk
Jason Van Steenwyk

Jun 17, 2026

The Floor Under Fed Reserves

Warsh wants to shrink it. The plumbing says not yet.

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Wednesday, June 17, 2026

The Floor Under Fed Reserves

Warsh wants to shrink it. The plumbing says not yet.

Kevin Warsh was confirmed as the next Fed chair on May 13. The Senate vote was 54 to 45. That is the closest margin for this job in the modern era.

The balance sheet he inherited stands at $6.7 trillion. Before 2008, that number was $900 billion. Two decades of bond buying pushed it past $9 trillion by 2022. It has come down some. It still equals 21% of GDP.

Warsh wants to bring it down much further. At his confirmation hearing, he said it plainly. "It took us 18 years to create this big balance sheet that's done quite a bit of harm." Three structural forces determine how far and how fast he can go.

The Big Idea

Three forces limit how much the balance sheet can shrink. The federal deficit needs buyers for trillions in new debt. Shrinkage raises borrowing costs by a measured amount. The last time the Fed drained too many reserves, overnight lending seized in one session. These are mechanical constraints built into the system.

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The Government Needs Buyers

The CBO projects a $1.9 trillion deficit for 2026, or 5.8% of GDP. The 50-year average is 3.8%. That gap means the government must sell more bonds than it has in decades.

When the Fed holds trillions in Treasuries, it absorbs a large share of that supply. If the Fed steps back, those bonds need new buyers. New buyers demand a higher return. That pushes interest rates up. Mortgages. Corporate loans. Government debt itself.

The math is plain. The government borrows at historic levels. Pulling the Fed from the buyer pool means the remaining buyers set the price. They will charge more.

Observation: The CBO projects a $1.9 trillion deficit for 2026, at 5.8% of GDP.
Interpretation: Fewer Fed purchases force the government to find new buyers at higher rates.

The Measured Cost

Shrinking the balance sheet has a price. St. Louis Fed researchers YiLi Chien and Kevin Bloodworth measured it.

They tracked what happened after shrinkage began in June 2022. They focused on the convenience yield. That is what Treasuries are worth beyond their interest payment, as collateral and safe assets. When the Fed holds fewer Treasuries, more flow into private hands. The premium drops. Hanno Lustig at Stanford found that private markets end up holding more than they need.

Chien and Bloodworth found the convenience yield fell about 40 basis points. Treasury borrowing costs rose by nearly half a percentage point. Not from a rate hike. From the balance sheet, it is getting smaller.

Roy Henriksson at GMO, an asset management firm, put it bluntly. He told Axios that shrinking the balance sheet and cutting rates are "incompatible" goals. The two pull in opposite directions.

Observation: Chien and Bloodworth measured a 40-basis-point convenience yield decline since June 2022.
Interpretation: Shrinkage raises government borrowing costs, working against any goal of lower rates.

The 2019 Floor

There is a floor under this system. We know because the Fed hit it.

Banks hold reserves at the Fed. That total stands at $3.08 trillion. Those reserves keep daily lending running. Banks borrow cash from each other overnight in the repo market, posting Treasuries as collateral.

In September 2019, the Fed was shrinking its balance sheet. Reserves had fallen below $1.4 trillion. Over two days, tax payments and bond deliveries pulled $100 billion from bank reserves. When the government delivers bonds to buyers, the buyers' cash leaves the banking system. Too much left at once. The repo market ran dry.

On September 17, intraday repo rates spiked to 10%. The Fed's target ceiling was 2.25%. The market blew past it by more than four times. The Fed reversed course within weeks.

Darrell Duffie at Stanford, who advises the Fed on this topic, put it simply. If you shrink too fast, "you will blow up money markets."

Observation: In September 2019, reserves fell below $1.4 trillion. Overnight repo rates hit 10% against a 2.25% ceiling.
Interpretation: The system has a mechanical floor. When reserves drop past what banks need, the plumbing breaks in hours.

Quick Hits

  • Warsh was confirmed 54 to 45 on May 13.

  • The Fed's balance sheet stands at $6.7 trillion, down from $9 trillion in 2022.

  • Banks hold $3.08 trillion in reserves at the Fed.

  • The CBO projects a $1.9 trillion federal deficit for 2026.

  • St. Louis Fed researchers measured a 40-basis-point rise in borrowing costs from balance sheet reduction.

  • In September 2019, overnight rates hit 10% when reserves fell below $1.4 trillion.

  • A Fed paper estimates $1.2 to $2.1 trillion in cuts, but only after years of regulatory work.

What the Balance Sheet Needs Before It Shrinks

The Fed's own research sets the boundaries. A staff paper estimates a reduction of $1.2 to $2.1 trillion is possible. But only after regulatory changes reduce banks' demand for reserves. That process takes "at least a year and quite possibly several" before any shrinking begins.

Roberto Perli runs market operations at the New York Fed. He confirmed the path is conditional. A smaller balance sheet is possible if banks need fewer reserves. That requires regulators to change the rules, forcing banks to hold large cash buffers. Getting it wrong risks rate control and market stability.

Dallas Fed President Lorie Logan framed it cleanly. "The minimum size of the Fed's balance sheet is determined by demand for our liabilities." The Fed can always supply more than the system needs, she said. "But if we don't meet the demand, financial pressures result."

Warsh said it took 18 years to build this balance sheet. The system's own engineers say the groundwork alone takes years.

The Map So Far

The deficit needs buyers. Shrinkage raises rates. The 2019 reserve floor marks where the plumbing breaks. Until bank reserve rules change, the $6.7 trillion balance sheet stays large.

Until next time,
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