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Jason Van Steenwyk
Jason Van Steenwyk

Nov 3, 2026

The Metal That Makes Titanium Work

One bankrupt smelter severed the first link in the defense supply chain.

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Elon Musk’s 4th Wealth Window Set to Open by November 30

Jeff Brown is the former tech executive who called the rise of Bitcoin, Tesla, and Nvidia years in advance. He's now predicting Elon Musk is about to open a new wealth window by November 30. Click here to see the details or read more below because the last three times this window opened, those who acted had a chance to walk away with generational wealth.

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Tuesday, November 3, 2026

The Metal That Makes Titanium Work

One bankrupt smelter severed the first link in the defense supply chain.

A company called US Magnesium filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in September 2025. Most investors never noticed. The company ran the only primary magnesium smelter in the United States. It had not produced metal since an equipment failure in September 2021. Four years of silence, then a filing in Delaware.

Utah bought the plant at auction in January 2026 for $30 million. Not to restart it. To secure the water rights for the Great Salt Lake and remediate the site. The state chose the lake over the smelter.

That decision closed a door. The one behind it is the one worth watching.

The Big Idea

Magnesium is a required input for titanium sponge. Titanium sponge is the raw material inside every jet engine and airframe. The only commercial process to produce it needs molten magnesium. There is no substitute. America's sole magnesium source went dark. That severed the first link in a chain running through all of aerospace and defense.

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The Link Most People Miss

Titanium sponge is the raw form of titanium. It gets forged into parts for aircraft, missiles, and medical implants. To make it, producers use the Kroll process. It is the only commercial method that exists.

The Kroll process works like this. Titanium ore gets converted into titanium tetrachloride, a liquid chemical. Then molten magnesium, heated to roughly 800°C, strips the chlorine away. The magnesium does the chemical work. What remains is pure titanium sponge. No magnesium, no reaction. No reaction, no sponge.

There is no alternative chemistry at commercial scale. Every ton of titanium sponge on earth runs through this same step.

Observation: The Kroll process requires molten magnesium to drive the reaction. No commercial substitute exists.
Interpretation: Magnesium supply is not separate from titanium supply. It is the first gear in the same machine.

Zero Domestic Sponge

The United States produced zero titanium sponge in 2025. None. The last major sponge plant, in Henderson, Nevada, went idle in 2020. The country imported all 44,000 tonnes it consumed.

Japan supplied 73% of those imports. In 2018, the Department of Defense flagged titanium sponge as a "potential single point of failure." That assessment has not improved since.

So the US depends entirely on foreign producers for titanium sponge. And titanium sponge depends entirely on magnesium. That raises the obvious question. Where does the magnesium come from?

Observation: The US imported 100% of its titanium sponge in 2025. Japan provided 73%.
Interpretation: The dependency runs two layers deep. Remove either layer and the chain breaks.

Who Holds the Upstream

China produced roughly 90% of the world's primary magnesium in 2024. That share has not changed much. Beijing has not restricted magnesium exports yet.

The Council on Foreign Relations listed magnesium among nine critical materials China could target next. Then in January 2026, China imposed dual-use export controls on shipments to Japan. Dual-use means items with both civilian and military applications. Magnesium fell within the scope.

China controls the upstream metal. Japan converts it into the material America's defense sector requires. Both links sit outside US borders. One of them is already under pressure.

Observation: China controls roughly 90% of global primary magnesium. Its January 2026 export controls on Japan included magnesium.
Interpretation: The two links in the chain, magnesium and titanium sponge, both pass through foreign hands. A restriction at either point reaches the US within months.

Quick Hits

  • US Magnesium, the only domestic primary producer, filed Chapter 11 in September 2025.

  • Utah paid $30 million to buy the plant and secure water rights for the Great Salt Lake.

  • The Kroll process is the only commercial method for titanium sponge. It requires molten magnesium.

  • The US produced zero titanium sponge in 2025. It imported 44,000 tonnes, 73% from Japan.

  • China produces roughly 90% of the world's primary magnesium.

  • The DoD backed a startup called Magrathea Metals with $19.6 million in 2024. It was the first federal magnesium investment since WWII.

  • Magrathea produced commercial-grade magnesium in June 2026. Commercial-scale production is targeted by end of decade.

What the Magnesium Gap Means for the Titanium Chain

A replacement is in motion, but it is early. Magrathea Metals is a startup. TETRA Technologies is an oilfield services company. Together they formed a joint venture called Arkansas Magnesium. The DoD backed Magrathea with $19.6 million in 2024 under the Defense Production Act. That law lets the government fund domestic production of critical materials. It was the federal government's first investment in magnesium since World War II. Total backing now exceeds $100 million.

In June 2026, the venture produced commercial-grade magnesium from underground saltwater deposits in Arkansas. The output met commercial purity standards. But commercial-grade is not commercial-scale. The company targets production "by the end of the decade."

That leaves a gap measured in years. $30 million eliminated the old plant. Over $100 million is flowing into the new one. Between those two numbers sits a void with no domestic output.

Three signals are worth tracking in the coming months. First, any Chinese restriction on magnesium exports, especially to Japan. Second, Japan's titanium sponge export volumes to the US. Third, Magrathea's progress toward commercial milestones. Each one tells you whether the gap is closing or widening.

The Map So Far

The magnesium-to-titanium chain is two links deep. Both run through foreign producers. A funded replacement exists but sits years from filling the gap. A bankruptcy nobody noticed sits upstream of every fighter jet and commercial airframe in the system.

Until next time,
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