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Jason Van Steenwyk
Jason Van Steenwyk

Sep 21, 2026

Why $650B in AI Can't Buy Speed

It protects a product America barely makes.

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Could this Strange “Golden Tablet” Secure Your Retirement?

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Monday, September 21, 2026

Why $650B in AI Can't Buy Speed

It protects a product America barely makes.

Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft have committed more than $650 billion to AI infrastructure in 2026. That money buys chips, concrete, and cooling systems. But before a single data center draws power from the grid, it needs a transformer. And every transformer needs a core made from a specialty steel that almost nobody talks about.

The steel is called grain-oriented electrical steel, or GOES. It is the magnetic material inside every transformer that steps voltage up or down. Without it, electricity does not move from a power plant to a building. The entire AI buildout runs through this material. The United States has a serious problem with it.

The Big Idea

America has one domestic producer of GOES. That producer, Cleveland-Cliffs, makes both conventional and Hi-B grades. The modern grid needs a higher-performance version called Hi-B. About 85% of U.S. GOES supply comes from imports, led by South Korea, Brazil, and Russia. Those imports now carry a 50% Section 232 tariff. The result is a four-year physical gap that no amount of capital can close.

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One Producer, Wrong Grade

Every large power transformer that carries electricity across the country runs on GOES. Every distribution transformer that feeds power to a home runs on it. There is no substitute.

Cleveland-Cliffs operates Butler Works in Pennsylvania. It is the only facility in the United States that produces GOES. But there are two grades of this steel. Conventional GOES, which Cleveland-Cliffs makes, works for cost-sensitive uses. Hi-B GOES, first developed by Japan's Nippon Steel in the 1970s, delivers lower energy loss and higher efficiency. It is the grade that transformers serving data centers and renewables need most.

Transformer manufacturers have said it plainly. Hi-B GOES is not produced in the U.S. in sufficient quantities to meet demand. About 85% of the country's supply comes from overseas.

Observation: The United States has one GOES producer making both conventional and Hi-B grades, while 85% of demand is met by imports.
Interpretation: The domestic supply base cannot support the transformer volumes the grid now requires. The country depends on foreign mills for the grade it actually needs.

Tariffs on the Only Supply Line

Section 232 tariffs impose a 50% duty on imported steel. In 2025, those tariffs were extended to cover electrical steel cores and laminations. Those are the exact products transformer manufacturers buy.

The policy is meant to protect domestic steelmaking. But the United States does not make enough of the right grade to fill the gap. So the tariff lands directly on the only supply line that meets real demand. Transformer makers absorb the cost or wait longer. GOES prices have roughly doubled since 2019, according to Wood Mackenzie.

The two forces push in the same direction. Import dependency creates exposure. Tariffs turn that exposure into a squeeze.

Observation: A 50% tariff applies to imported GOES, which fills 85% of domestic demand.
Interpretation: Policy pressure and physical scarcity compound each other. The tariff tightens a supply chain that has no domestic alternative at the grade level the market requires.

The Timeline That Money Cannot Buy

This is the number that matters most. Wood Mackenzie's Q2 2025 survey put standard power transformer lead times at 128 weeks. Generator step-up transformers, the large units connecting power plants to the grid, averaged 144 weeks. By Q1 2026, those had pushed past 160 weeks.

Before 2020, the wait for a large transformer was 24 to 30 months. Now it stretches past three years. Some utilities are placing orders five years out.

The demand side explains why. Wood Mackenzie data shows demand for generator step-up transformers rose 274% between 2019 and 2025. Substation transformer demand climbed 116% over the same period. Three forces pull at once: AI data centers, renewable energy connections, and aging grid replacement.

New factory capacity is coming. Hitachi Energy broke ground on a $457 million expansion in Virginia and committed $528 million for a new plant in Mississippi. Siemens Energy is investing $421 million across North Carolina. But most of these projects do not deliver finished transformers before 2028 or 2029.

The steel itself cannot scale quickly either. Only 10 to 12 companies on Earth produce high-grade GOES. Building a new production line takes three to five years. The bottleneck is not capital. It is time.

Observation: Generator step-up transformer lead times now exceed 160 weeks. Demand rose 274% between 2019 and 2025.
Interpretation: The gap between demand and delivery is structural. New factories and steel capacity arrive in 2027 to 2029 at the earliest. Construction timelines set the pace, not funding.

Quick Hits

  • Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft plan to spend over $650 billion on AI infrastructure in 2026.

  • Every transformer on the grid requires a core made of grain-oriented electrical steel.

  • Cleveland-Cliffs is the only U.S. producer of GOES, and its output includes both conventional and Hi-B grades.

  • About 85% of domestic GOES demand is met by imports now subject to 50% tariffs.

  • Generator step-up transformer lead times exceed 160 weeks, up from 24 to 30 months before 2020.

  • An estimated 30% to 50% of U.S. data center projects planned for 2026 face delays or cancellation.

  • Most new transformer factory capacity does not arrive before 2028 to 2029.

What the Steel Gap Means for the Power Buildout

The pattern is worth watching closely. $650 billion in committed capital flows toward data centers. Each data center needs grid power. Grid power needs transformers. Transformers need GOES. And the GOES supply chain funnels through a handful of foreign mills and one domestic facility not making enough of the right grade.

Capital moves at tech speed. Steel moves at steel speed. That mismatch is already showing up. Analysts at Sightline Climate estimate 30% to 50% of data center projects slated for 2026 are delayed or canceled. The electrical equipment cannot keep pace with the capital behind it.

Electrical equipment accounts for roughly 48% to 54% of total data center cost. Right now, it accounts for the entire bottleneck.

The signals worth tracking over the coming months: quarterly lead-time surveys from Wood Mackenzie, GOES import volumes through the Commerce Department, and progress at Cleveland-Cliffs' Butler Works, where a $170 million upgrade is on schedule for 2028. If lead times flatten, the bottleneck may be easing. If they keep climbing, the gap widens.

The Map So Far

The AI power buildout is constrained by a physical supply chain that capital alone cannot accelerate. The chokepoint is a specialty steel made by a handful of producers worldwide and one American mill not making enough of the right grade. The system moves on construction timelines measured in years, not quarters.

Until next time,
The Navigator

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