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Jason Van Steenwyk
Jason Van Steenwyk

Jun 8, 2026

Why Japan Is Selling Treasuries

The largest foreign holder is bringing capital home.

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Why Japan Is Selling Treasuries

The largest foreign holder is bringing capital home.

Japan's 30-year bond yield broke 4% in May. That had never happened before. The government cut issuance of its longest bonds. Superlong bonds have maturities of 20 years or more. Issuance dropped ¥7.2 trillion for fiscal 2026. That is roughly $50 billion. The lowest level since 2009.

Yields kept climbing anyway.

That is the puzzle. Less supply should mean higher prices. Lower yields should follow. The opposite happened. The answer is on the demand side. Three forces collapsed at the same time.

The Big Idea

Japan's bond market spent a decade on three anchors. The central bank as buyer. Life insurers on the longest bonds. The belief a bid would always come. All three are failing at once. The vacuum pulls on $1.2 trillion parked in U.S. Treasuries.

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The Biggest Buyer Steps Away

The Bank of Japan bought government bonds for a decade at a pace no other central bank matched. At its peak in mid-2024, it bought ¥5.7 trillion per month. That is roughly $39 billion. By early 2026, purchases fell to about $19 billion. The published schedule drops them to $14 billion per month by March 2027.

The BOJ projects its holdings will shrink 16 to 17 percent by then. Traders put the odds of another rate hike at 78%. The taper has further to run.

The schedule is public. But a published plan and a felt absence are different things. The largest buyer is stepping back. No one of equal size is stepping forward.

Observation: The BOJ cut monthly purchases by more than half in under two years. Another cut comes by March 2027.
Interpretation: The largest source of demand in Japan's bond market is shrinking on a fixed schedule. Every quarter, the floor under prices drops further.

The Insurers Stop Reaching for Duration

Japan's life insurers were the natural buyers of the longest bonds. A 30- or 40-year government bond matched the timeline of a life insurance policy. These firms manage combined assets of nearly ¥390 trillion. That is roughly $2.7 trillion. For decades, they absorbed maturities that few others wanted.

Then the math changed. In April 2025, a new accounting regime called J-ICS took effect. J-ICS requires insurers to value assets and liabilities at current market prices. Before, an insurer could hold a long bond at its purchase price and wait. Now every move in long yields reprices the whole balance sheet in real time.

The result showed up fast. Nippon Life is the country's largest life insurer. It reported ¥4.164 trillion in paper losses on domestic bonds as of June. That is roughly $28 billion. The company cut government bond holdings for the first time since 2016.

Smaller firms moved faster. Hiroe Oizumi of Fukoku Mutual Life Insurance told reporters the company stopped buying 30- and 40-year bonds. "Bond yields rose too much and have now fallen," Oizumi said, "but the fundamentals haven't changed."

Observation: Nippon Life reported $28 billion in paper losses and cut bond holdings for the first time since 2016. Midsize insurers stopped buying the longest maturities.
Interpretation: The buyer class that absorbed Japan's longest bonds for decades got repriced out by permanent accounting rules. The rules are not going away.

The Vacuum Reaches the U.S.

The BOJ is pulling back. Insurers are retreating. Someone else needs to fill the gap. Japan's banks are the obvious candidate. But banks face their own constraint. A regulation called Interest Rate Risk in the Banking Book, or IRRBB, limits how much rate risk they can carry. MUFG, Japan's largest bank, did the analysis. Banks can absorb only about 30% of the BOJ's holdings.

The government has already cut the supply. It was not enough. The 10-year yield hit 2.8% in May. That was the highest in 29 years.

So the pressure moves outward. Japan holds $1.24 trillion in U.S. Treasuries. More than any other country. In Q1 2026, Japanese investors sold a net $29.6 billion in U.S. government bonds. That was the largest quarterly cut in nearly four years. In March alone, holdings dropped $47.7 billion.

Mark Dowding is chief investment officer at BlueBay Asset Management. He told the Financial Times: "The new money that's being put to work won't be put to work overseas."

TD Economics, TD Bank's research arm, projects this shift could add 20 to 50 basis points to U.S. 10-year yields. That is a mechanical result of the world's largest foreign creditor sending its capital home.

Observation: Japanese investors sold $29.6 billion in U.S. bonds in Q1 2026. Holdings dropped $47.7 billion in March alone.
Interpretation: When domestic yields rise and traditional buyers step away, capital held overseas gets pulled home. The incentive to hold U.S. Treasuries weakens as Japanese yields climb.

Quick Hits

  • BOJ bond purchases fell by more than half since mid-2024. Another cut comes by March 2027.

  • Japan's 30-year yield crossed 4% for the first time since the bond debuted in 1999.

  • J-ICS rules now force insurers to mark long bonds at current prices. Balance sheets reprice with every yield move.

  • Nippon Life reported $28 billion in paper losses. It cut bond holdings for the first time since 2016.

  • Fukoku Mutual Life stopped buying 30- and 40-year government bonds.

  • Japan holds $1.24 trillion in U.S. Treasuries. Investors sold $29.6 billion of them in Q1 2026.

  • TD Economics at TD Bank estimates the shift could add 20 to 50 basis points to U.S. 10-year yields.

What This Means for U.S. Treasury Holders

This looks like a Japan story. It connects to the U.S. market through $1.2 trillion in capital and the incentives of the institutions holding it.

Three signals are worth watching.

First, the BOJ taper schedule. Any acceleration increases the pressure. The next decision point is public.

Second, Japan's U.S. Treasury holdings, quarter by quarter. The Q1 sell figure was the largest in four years. If Q2 matches, the pattern is set.

Third, the yield gap between Japanese and American bonds. The wider the gap, the more reason Japanese capital has to stay. As it shrinks, the pull homeward grows.

The shift is structural, not sudden. But the largest foreign buyer of American debt has a growing reason to buy less of it.

The Map So Far

Japan's three bond-market anchors failed together. The BOJ tapers, insurers face permanent rules, and no buyer fills the gap. $1.2 trillion in U.S. Treasury holdings sit in the path of that adjustment.

Until next time,
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